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Antenna Theory – Wires
Wire antennas are one of the basic types of antennas. They are well‑known and widely used. To better understand wire antennas, let us first take a look at the transmission line. Transmission Line A transmission line, or wire, carries electrical energy f...Read more -
Antenna Theory – Poynting Vector
Antennas transmit or receive information by radiating electromagnetic energy. Therefore, energy and power are key parameters associated with these electromagnetic waves, and it is essential to discuss them. An electromagnetic wave consists of both an electric field and a...Read more -
Antenna Theory – Beamwidth
In the radiation pattern of an antenna, the main lobe represents the antenna's main beam, through which the maximum and most concentrated energy is radiated. Beamwidth is the angular width of the aperture through which the majority of the power is radiated. The two main ...Read more -
Antenna Theory – Beams and Polarization
This chapter discusses the parameters of antenna radiation beams, which help us understand beam specifications. Beam Area According to the standard definition: “If the radiation intensity P(θ,ϕ) remains at its maximum value ove...Read more -
Antenna Theory — Isotropic Radiation
In the previous chapter, we discussed radiation patterns. To better analyze antenna radiation, a reference point is required. The radiation of an isotropic antenna fulfills this role. Definition Isotropic radiation refers to radiation from a point sourc...Read more -
Antenna Theory – Radiation Patterns
Radiation is a term that describes the intensity of the electromagnetic waves transmitted or received by an antenna. In any antenna illustration, the diagram depicting the antenna's radiation characteristics is known as its radiation pattern. By observing the radiation p...Read more -
Antenna Theory – Near Field and Far Field
Following the discussion of fundamental antenna parameters in the previous chapter, another important topic to consider is the near-field and far-field regions of an antenna. The radiation intensity measured close to the antenna differs from that measured at a distance. ...Read more -
Antenna Theory – Basic Parameters
This chapter introduces the fundamental parameters of wireless communication, aiming to provide a better understanding of the role of antennas in communication systems. Wireless communication is carried out in the form of electromagnetic waves, making it essential to und...Read more -
The Ultimate Guide to Antennas: How Antennas Work
Antennas are a very common communication device in our lives. However, most people don't truly understand them, perhaps only knowing that they are used to transmit and receive signals.Incidentally, since the Russian scientist Popov successfully invented the antenna in 18...Read more -
AESA vs PESA: How Modern Antenna Designs Are Revolutionizing Radar Systems
The evolution from Passive Electronically Scanned Array (PESA) to Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) represents the most significant advancement in modern radar technology. While both systems utilize electronic beam steering, their fundamental architectures diffe...Read more -
Is 5G Microwaves or Radio Waves?
A common question in wireless communication is whether 5G operates using microwaves or radio waves. The answer is: 5G utilizes both, as microwaves are a subset of radio waves. Radio waves encompass a broad spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies, ranging from 3 kHz to 30...Read more -
The Evolution of Base Station Antennas: From 1G to 5G
This article provides a systematic review of the evolution of base station antenna technology across mobile communication generations, from 1G to 5G. It traces how antennas have transformed from simple signal transceivers into sophisticated systems featuring intelligent ...Read more
